The 24 Most Important Diamonds in History

 

Size, History, Master Cutters and Present Locations

Diamonds have fascinated humanity for centuries. Some became symbols of royal power, others transformed the science of diamond cutting, and a few achieved legendary status because of their extraordinary size and rarity.

The following list combines size, historical importance, rarity and influence on the diamond industry.

1. Cullinan Diamond

Rough Weight: 3,106.75 carats
Found: South Africa, 1905
Polished By: Joseph Asscher
Current Location: British Crown Jewels

The Cullinan remains the largest gem quality rough diamond ever discovered. It was cut into nine principal diamonds and 96 smaller stones. The largest, Cullinan I, weighs 530.2 carats and remains one of the world’s most famous diamonds.

Estimated Value Today: US$2 billion+ (insurance estimates vary greatly).

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2. Golden Jubilee Diamond

Polished Weight: 545.67 carats
Found: South Africa
Polished By: Gabriel Tolkowsky
Current Location: Thailand Royal Treasury

The largest faceted gem quality diamond in the world.

Estimated Value: US$100 million to US$250 million.

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3. The Incomparable

Polished Weight: 407.48 carats
Found: Democratic Republic of Congo
Current Location: Private ownership

A fancy brownish yellow diamond renowned for its size and unusual triangular shape.

Estimated Value: US$20 million to US$50 million.

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4. Cullinan I (Great Star of Africa)

Weight: 530.2 carats
Current Location: Sovereign’s Sceptre, British Crown Jewels.

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5. Cullinan II (Second Star of Africa)

Weight: 317.4 carats
Current Location: Imperial State Crown.

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6. Centenary Diamond

Weight: 273.85 carats
Found: Premier Mine, South Africa
Polished By: Master cutters employed by De Beers

One of the most perfect large diamonds ever cut.

Estimated Value: US$100 million+.

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7. Koh-i-Noor

Weight: 105.6 carats
Current Location: British Crown Collection

Perhaps the most famous diamond in history, originating in India and passing through Mughal, Persian, Afghan and British hands.

Estimated Value: Effectively priceless.

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8. Hope Diamond

Weight: 45.52 carats
Current Location: Smithsonian Institution

The world’s most famous blue diamond.

Estimated Value: US$250 million to US$350 million.

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9. Lesedi La Rona

Rough Weight: 1,109 carats
Found: Botswana

One of the largest gem quality rough diamonds ever discovered. Purchased by Laurence Graff for US$53 million.

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10. Sewelô

Rough Weight: 1,758 carats
Found: Botswana

Second largest rough diamond ever recovered. Acquired by Louis Vuitton and HB Antwerp.

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11. Excelsior

Rough Weight: 995.2 carats
Found: South Africa

Largest diamond before the discovery of the Cullinan. Cut by the Asscher family.

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12. Lesotho Promise

Rough Weight: 603 carats
Current Location: Cut into 26 diamonds by Graff.

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13. Regent Diamond

Weight: 140.64 carats
Current Location: Louvre Museum

One of the finest historic diamonds in existence.

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14. Orlov Diamond

Weight: 189.6 carats
Current Location: Russian Diamond Fund

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15. Daria-i-Noor

Weight: Approximately 182 carats
Current Location: Iranian Crown Jewels.

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16. Tiffany Yellow Diamond

Weight: 128.54 carats
Current Location: Tiffany & Co.

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17. Taylor-Burton Diamond

Weight: 69.42 carats

Purchased by Richard Burton for Elizabeth Taylor.

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18. Dresden Green

Weight: 41 carats
Current Location: Dresden Treasury, Germany

One of the world’s largest natural green diamonds.

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19. Pink Star

Weight: 59.60 carats

World auction record holder among diamonds.

Sale Price: US$71.2 million.

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20. Wittelsbach-Graff

Weight: 31.06 carats

Rare deep blue historic diamond.

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21. Moussaieff Red

Weight: 5.11 carats

Largest known red diamond.

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22. Oppenheimer Blue

Weight: 14.62 carats

One of the most valuable blue diamonds ever sold.

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23. The Enigma

The Enigma diamond

Weight: 555.55 carats

Largest faceted black diamond ever sold publicly.

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24. Black Falcon

Weight: 612.34 carats
Polished By: Peter Herbosch

The largest cut black diamond known today.

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The Most Valuable Diamonds Today

Diamond	Estimated Value
Cullinan Collection	US$2 billion+
Hope Diamond	US$250m to US$350m
Golden Jubilee	US$100m to US$250m
Centenary	US$100m+
Pink Star	Sold for US$71.2m
Lesedi La Rona Rough	US$53m sale
Oppenheimer Blue	US$57.5m sale
Koh-i-Noor	Priceless

DCLA Commentary

The greatest diamonds are not always the largest. The Cullinan remains the most important diamond ever recovered because it transformed royal jewellery and demonstrated the highest standards of large diamond cutting. The Koh-i-Noor shaped centuries of political history, while the Hope Diamond became the world’s most famous coloured diamond.

From the Asscher family’s revolutionary work on the Cullinan in 1908 to Gabriel Tolkowsky’s masterpiece cutting of the Golden Jubilee, these extraordinary stones represent the pinnacle of both nature’s achievement and human craftsmanship. Together they form a unique record of diamond history and remain benchmarks for gemological excellence today.

DCLA Disclaimer: Diamond valuations shown are broad market estimates based on historical sales, insurance valuations, rarity and current market conditions. Many historically significant diamonds are considered priceless because they are held in national collections, museums or royal treasuries and would be unlikely ever to be offered for public sale.

Steep Rise in De Beers Rough Production

 

De Beers says rough diamond production increased by 17% in the first three months of 2026, to 7.1 million carats.

The increase was largely driven by the release of stockpiled ore at Gahcho Kue, in Canada, (up 163%) and higher underground volumes at Venetia in South Africa (up 53%).

The loss-making miner said, however, that trading conditions remained “challenged” due to ongoing industry, geopolitical and tariff headwinds.

Rough sales at the two sights held during the quarter saw revenue rise, year-on-year by almost 25% to $648 million, although average per carat prices fell 19% to $101.

Production guidance for 2026 remains unchanged at 21-26 million carats, the company said in its Production Report for the First Quarter of 2026, published on 28 April.  

Actual rough production was 24.7 million carats in 2024 and 21.7 million carats in 2025.

Botswana, which accounts for more than two thirds of all De Beers’ diamonds, saw production rise by 5% year-on-year during Q1 2026.

There was a 12% drop in Namibia, due to scheduled maintenance on two vessels at Debmarine Namibia and the of decommissioning two vessels.

There was 53% production rise in South Africa, largely due to increased processing of underground ore from Venetia, and a 163% increase in Canada due to the planned release of ore from a new area of Gahcho Kue.

Source: DCLA

Diamond Debut for De Beers and Sotheby's Collaboration

 

The sale of the Jwaneng 28.88 diamond later this month marks the start of a collaboration between De Beers and Sotheby’s.

Together they aim to “present exceptional diamonds as works of art,” although no details on the terms or scope of the agreement have been made public.

The collaboration centers on joint marketing and storytelling, going beyond a standard consignment, in which the miner selects an auction house.

Both companies co-create a branded narrative – “earth to art” – to promote across their channels

The flawless D-color unmounted Jwaneng 28.88 – cut from a 114.83-carat rough recovered at Botswana’s Jwaneng mine (Debswana, De Beers’ 50-50 government venture) -leads the auction at Sotheby’s Magnificent Jewels & Jadeite sale in Hong Kong on 23 April.

It carries an estimate of HKD 17 million to HKD 22 million (USD 2.2 million to USD 2.8 million).

Other De Beers diamonds from Jwaneng will be offered at the same sale, including a solitaire ring and a pair of diamond earrings.

Source: DCLA

Botswana to Settle for Smaller De Beers' Stake?

 

Botswana may now settle for a minority stake in De Beers rather than seeking majority control, according to a report in The Economist.

It says the government is now pursuing at “least 25%,” which would indicate a significant softening in President Duma Boko’s position.

He has previously insisted, on many occasions, that he wants a controlling stake in the company, framing such a move as a matter of “economic sovereignty”.

The Economist also quotes an unnamed executive at Debswana – the government’s joint venture with De Beers, as saying: “It probably doesn’t make sense to go all out.”

Botswana currently owns 15% of the loss-making diamond miner, which is being sold by parent company Anglo American.

In December 2025, the IMF cautioned against Botswana’s plans to increase its stake, given the country’s struggling economy.

The president rejected that call in no uncertain terms saying it was for the people of Botswana to decide, not the IMF.

“It’s our people who are running this country, and we said we want De Beers, and we are going to take it,” he said.

Angola’s government has also expressed an interest in acquiring a significant stake in De Beers, and Namibia is also a potential bidder.

Experts believe the most likely outcome will be that a consortium or private investors will buy a controlling stake, and African governments including Botswana will hold minority shares.

Source: DCLA

Botswana seeks to raise debt ceiling to weather diamond market downturn

 

Natural rough diamond embedded in rock, mineral extraction challenge

Botswana’s finance minister sought parliamentary approval on Wednesday to raise the country’s statutory debt ceiling from 40% to 60% of gross domestic product, as a prolonged downturn in the global market for diamonds has pressured public finances.

Ndaba Gaolathe said the proposal was aimed at giving the government flexibility during periods of economic stress, such as the one it is going through now.

The diamond market downturn has hit the southern African country hard, with two successive economic contractions in 2024 and 2025. Botswana had been viewed as an economic success story, partly because of its low public debt.

Raising the debt ceiling “does not imply immediate borrowing up to that level but rather establishes prudent headroom,” Gaolathe told lawmakers.

In last month’s budget, he said Botswana was expected to breach a debt-to-GDP ratio of 40% in the fiscal year that starts in April.

Late last year International Monetary Fund staff recommended raising the debt ceiling to 50% of GDP to give fiscal space to respond to economic shocks.

S&P Global this month downgraded Botswana’s sovereign ratings, saying diamond market weakness would weigh on its economy for longer than expected.

Diamonds typically account for about a third of Botswana’s national revenue and 75% of its foreign-exchange earnings.

Source: DCLA